Basic Computer Knowledge,

Part - 3

The computer comes from the word to compute the mean count.According V.C. Hamacher, Z.G. Vranesic and S.G. Zakyincorporated in Computer Organization, Computerdidefinisikansebagai an electronic calculating machine that can quickly receive the digital input information, process it in accordancewith a program stored in memory (stored program) and generateoutput information.

Computer was formed from standardized parts, including additionalcomponents and the expansion card to perform a particular functionon the computer. The main objective of the computer system isprocessing data to produce information. In order for the principalpurpose are taken, then there must be elements that support it.Brainware these elements (human), hardware (hardware) and software (the software). These three elements of the computer systemmust be interconnected and form a unity. Hardware without the software, then it will not function as expected, only the form ofinanimate objects only. The software will operate its hardware.Hardware that is supported by the software also will not work if there is no human to operate it.

Basic Computer Hardware Components

Hardware computer systems can be classified in 5 (five) groups, namely: Input Device, Output Device, Processing Device, Storage Devices and Communication or the I / O Device. These units areconnected to each other. The units of I / O is used for communicationbetween the representation of internal information from electrical signals in a computer with an external representation such as terminals, printers, and tools of censorship or control.

  Input Device
  Direct input allows input equipment is processed directly by the CPU, such as
- Keyboard

- Mouse

- Scanner

- Voice Recognition



 Equipment Processors / CPU

 Processing equipment is a mechanism by which input or inputs in the form of single instruction or series of instructions (programs) are processed / processed to get the output or the output of information or data in the form / format to another as desired by the user's computer. In a computer system (for PC Stand Alone), commonly known as the processing equipment is identical to the CPU (Central Processing Unit).

 CPU itself consists of two main sections, namely control unit (control unit) and the arithmetic and logic unit (arithmetic and logic unit).Besides these two main parts, the CPU has several small-sized deposits are called registers.Control Unit in charge of regulating and controlling the means of input and output, taking instructions from main memory, retrieve data from main memory when required by the process, send instructions to the arithmetic and logic unit if any arithmetic or logical comparisons and oversees the work arithmetic and logic unit, storing the results of the process into main memory.Arithmetic And Logic Unit The main duty of the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) is to do all the arithmetic or mathematics that occurs in accordance with the instructions of the program. Another task of the decision of the ALU is to perform logic operations in accordance with the instructions of the program. Logic operation (logical operation) involves comparison of two logic elements by using logical operators, namely: equal (=), not the same as (<>), less than (<), less than or equal to the (<=), more greater than (>), greater than or equal to the (>=). Register a small deposit which has a high speed, faster about 5 to 10 times compared with the speed of recording or retrieval of data in main memory. Registers used to store instructions and data being processed by the CPU, while the instructions and other data still waiting to be processed is stored in main memory.An important concept that affects the speed of the processor is the size of the register. The term describes the size of the word size of the operand register that ranged from 8 to 64 bits. For example operand registers have 16-bit word size, then the processor is called 16-bit processor, then many who call his computer as the computer is 16 bit.CPU is composed by several components such as processors, motherboards, interface cards and others.The motherboard or mainboard is the basic component of a PC is very important, is the main board where a lot of other PC components placed on it.

 



Processor

In this case the microprocessor will serve as the CPU (Central Processing Unit), the central processing unit which is the brain of acomputer that regulates the overall computer performance. This CPU is in the form of an IC chip that is often called the microprocessor orprocessor called it. The microprocessor is a digital circuit isdesigned with extremely small dimensions and are made in a singlechip (IC: Integrated Circuit).
Almost all PCs use processsor made ​​by Intel or compatibleprocessors made ​​by Intel, such as artificial IBM, AMD and Cyrix.Example: Processor 8080, 80186, 80286, 80386, 80486, Intel P5(such as Intel P60, Intel P 75, P Intel 100, Intel 133, Intel P 166, P Intel200, Intel P 233), AMD K5, AMD K6 , Cyrix MII 233, Celeron, Athlon,Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium 4 and others.

MemoryIn general a computer system equipped with a storage unit or often referred to as memory. Memory contained in a computer can be divided into two categories, namely memory that is internal to the system that can be directly accessed by the processor and memory that is externally accessible by the processor via the I / O module or storage device.
Read Only Memory (ROM)This memory can only be read alone, the programmer can not fill anything into the ROM. ROM contents are filled by the manufacturer, in the form of operating system (operating system) which consists of basic programs required by the computer system, such as a program to regulate the appearance of characters on the screen, filling the key button on the keyboard for certain control purposes and the bootstrap program . Bootstrap program is required at the time of the first computer system is activated, the process is called the boot. ROM can be reprogrammed is a PROM (Programmable ReadOnly Memory), which can be programmed only once by the programmer who then can not be changed back. The other is the type of EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) or RPROM (reprogrammable Read Only Memory) that can be erased with ultraviolet light and can be reprogrammed repeatedly. EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read only memory), can be erased electronically and can be reprogrammed.Cache Memory
Cache memory is a block of high-speed memory located between the CPU and main memory that is used to store data and instructions are very often used. The use of cache memory can improve the performance of the processor because it reduces the access time to main memory that has a lower speed for each transaction. To solve the above problem, among others, by developing a type of RAM is very fast. But even so there is not an SDRAM speed can match the speed of the microprocessor. Therefore there is no SRAM that can replace the SDRAM or other type of RAM is much older then like EDO RAM or DRAM. The experts do the research to develop a type of memory that is super fast at a cost that is not too expensive.Memory with a small kapasitasyang serves as a buffer between the processor and RAM.Random Access Memory (RAM) / MainMemory
All data and programs that are inserted through the input devices will be stored in advance in the main memory, especially in the RAM (Random Access Memory). RAM is memory that can access the contents can be loaded and retrieved by the programmer.



.....

quoted from CIVIL AVIATION SAFETY AND TECHNICS ACADEMY OF MEDAN FLIGHT TECHNICS TRAINING DIVISION MEDAN-INDONESIA 2008